 |
|
|
|
|
8.18 Other Characterizations of Multiprocessors |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
8.19 Conclusions |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
8.20 Some Areas for Further Research |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
8.21 Annotated Bibliography |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
8.22 Problem Set |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
9
I/O and the Storage Hierarchy |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
9.1 The Role of I/O |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
9.2 Evolution of I/O Systems Organization |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
9.2.1 I/O Processors/Channels |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
9.2.2 I/O System Support for Multiprocessors |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
9.3 Design of Storage Systems |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
9.3.1 Disk Technology |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
9.3.2 The Disk Device |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
9.4 Simple I/O Transactions |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
9.4.1 Multiple Servers |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
9.4.2 Single-Server Low Population (n) |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
9.4.3 Disk Modeling |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
9.4.4 Multiprogramming Models and Inverted Servers |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
9.4.5 Improving I/O Response and Capacity |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
9.5 I/O Traffic and Virtual Memory Effects |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
9.5.1 Basic I/O Request Rate |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
9.5.2 Virtual Memory I/O Traffic |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
9.5.3 Disk Cache Buffers |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
9.5.4 Concurrent Disks |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
9.5.5 Clusters of Independent Disks |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
9.5.6 Striping |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
9.5.7 Disk Arrays |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
9.5.8 Composite Configurations |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
9.6 Some Practical Considerations |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
9.7 Redundancy in Disk Arrays |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
9.8 Conclusions |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
9.9 Some Areas for Further Research |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
9.10 Data Notes |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
9.11 Annotated Bibliography |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
9.12 Problem Set |
|
|
|
| |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
10.1 The Baseline Mark II |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
10.1.1 Design Assumptions |
|
|
|
| |