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excellent code-density properties (described in Chapter 2); but the use of register modes required multiple sequential decoding operations to complete the interpretation of a single instruction. (See ''The Curse of Register Modes" on page 41.) This had the unfortunate side effect of significantly complicating the pipelined implementations of the VAX instruction set. The Motorola M68000 series includes some but not all of the variability of instruction formats contained in VAX. For example, it allows a result to be stored either in a register or in memory. Much of the M68000 instruction set seems to have also been at least influenced by PDP-11. It is, however, a design separate from VAX, and data presented later in this text for VAX would only approximate the behavior expected of the Motorola 68000. |
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1.11 Annotated Bibliography |
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A great deal has been written about instruction sets and their relative merit. A standard reference work that collects earlier instruction set literature is Siewiorek et al. [257]. This book is a compendium of papers on well-known instruction sets up to about 1980. Included in this work are descriptions of System/360 [15] and its extensions [47]. Also included are papers describing the PDP-11 [30] and the CDC 6600 [281]. These three systemsSystem/360, PDP-11, and the CDC 6600significantly influenced instruction set design through the latter 1970s and into the early 1980s. Many of the conventions adopted by these processors found their way, in one form or another, into early microprocessor design. |
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One area of continuing discussion is the relationship between the external environmenthigh-level language, operating system, etc.and instruction sets. Particularly comprehensive books that include a treatment of this subject are Myers [213], Tanenbaum [276], and Dasgupta [65]. |
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There are many works describing the architecture of the Motorola 68000 and Intel x86 series microprocessors. Bronson and Silver [44] include treatment of both, as does Wakerly [298]. There are numerous books describing the instruction sets of the various microprocessors. These include Hilf and Nausch for the 68000 series [128] and Crawford and Gelsinger describing programming of the Intel 386 [62]. |
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Stallings [270] has edited a collection of the principal papers describing the RISC processor development. The R2000 processor is described by Kane [152], and HP's Precision architecture is described by Lee [183]. |
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There are a number of works on arithmetic that include a discussion of various data formats. These include Hwang [137] and Waser and Flynn [300]. The IEEE floating point standard has been described in [144]. |
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Early definitive papers on various aspects of memory include the work of Gibson on cache [102], Dennis on segmentation [71], and Denning on paging [68]. Most standard basic texts on computer organization and architecture include a complete treatment of memory hierarchies, microprogramming, and detailed aspects of computer implementation. Some of the better known standard works on computer organization include Hayes [123], van de Goor [296], Stallings [269], Hamacher et al. [119], and Murray [211]. |
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