|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Data Note 2: Branch Prediction. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tables 4.11 and 4.14 are based upon the work of Lee and Smith [181] and are generally consistent with other work in this field. They are based upon a workload of reasonable diversity and size. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Reliability. The data seem consistent across reported studies. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Stability. The data vary significantly by environment and application. Probably the largest problem facing the designer of a branch enhancement unit is the variance across applications in the occurrence of and profile of the branches in programs. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
4.12 Annotated Bibliography |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The earliest and best documented efforts at pipelined machine design include the IBM 7030 [46], the CDC 6600 [281], and the IBM 360 Model 91 [17]. Many of the techniques described here are used in older large mainframe processors. These techniques are now being introduced into microprocessor implementations. See also [198, 124] for a discussion of deeply pipelined RISC machines. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Our discussion of branches follows the work of Lee and Smith [181]. |
|
|
|
 |
|
|
|
|
C. Z. Loboz. Measuring transfers of control in program execution-input sensitivity. Proceedings of the 13th Australian Computer Science Conference, 1990. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Kobayashi. Dynamic characteristics of loops. IEEE Transactions on Computers, C-33(2):125132, 1984. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. J. Shustek. Analysis and performance of computer instruction sets. Ph.D. thesis, Stanford University, May 1978. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Computer Family Evolution |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. P. Siewiorek, C. Gordon Bell, and A. Newell. Computer Structures: Principles and Examples. Computer Science Series. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1982. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. G. Bell, J. C. Mudge, and J. E. McNamara. Computer Engineering, Chapter 17: VAX-11/780, W. D. Strecker. Digital Press, Bedford, MA, 1978. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Stallings. Reduced Instruction Set Computers, 2nd edition. Tutorial Series. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA, 1990. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. M. Kogge. The Architecture of Pipelined Computers. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1981. |
|
|
|
|
|